This study examined the role of three key competences (mother tongue/literacy, foreign languages and digital competences) in initial VET. Covering all EU Member States, NO and IS and starting from the baseline in 2011 and 2015 it analysed the main developments up to 2018, thus describing the impact of language(s) and digital competences in VET curricula, occupational and educational standards, qualifications, programmes, learning outcomes and policies. The study was coordinated by Panteia (NL), with Ockham IPS and 3s as consortium partners. The study was commissioned by Cedefop and finalized in 2019.